DOTS

ERED

Environmental Residue-Effects Database

US Army Corps of Engineers ERDC Dredging Operations Technical Support

USACE


Field Name Description
% Effect   The magnitude of the effect (e.g., % mortality; change in weight; change in length; percent hatch; etc.). 
Analyte   The chemical substance used to create the exposure.  
CAS   CAS registry number is a unique numerical identifier assigned by Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) to a chemical substance.  
COLL  Where the animal was obtained: C (cultured-reared in laboratory); W (collected from wild); N/I (No Information); N/R (Not Reported). 
Comments  Commonly supports the effects data. 
Common name  Common name of the test animal. 
Control   The control response for the observed effect (e.g., survival, growth, reproduction; etc.). 
Dose  The frequency with which the contaminant was applied during the test. 
Duration   The duration of the exposure period: hr (hours); d (days) wk (weeks), mo (months), yr (years). 
Effect   The type of toxicological effect observed in the test animal (e.g., survival, growth, reproduction). 
ERED ID  Unique identification number autogenerated by database. 
ExpConc  The exposure concentration and units. 
Fraction   The test animal tissue used to determine tissue residue (e.g., whole body, soft tissue, liver, etc.). 
Genus Species   Scientific name of the test animal. 
Media  Type of water used to test animal: FW (freshwater); SW (saltwater) 
Mix   Whether the analyte was tested as part of a mixture of analytes or individually: yes (part of mixture), no (single), or N/I (No information). 
Risk   Summary of the risk (e.g., ED, NOED, LOED) an analyte might pose to the test animal. Previously, many risk numbers were assigned to results. Going forward ERED will not report a risk number unless it is reported in the study.  
Route   The route by which the analyte was intended to enter the body: aquatic; diet; injection. 
Signif   Whether the effect was significantly different, usually compared to the control for laboratory studies: Yes (significant); No (not significant). 
Source  Reference from which data was obtained. 
Spiked  Whether the analyte was spiked into the route (aquatic, diet, sediment, injection): yes (analyte spiked), no (analyte not spiked) 
ST  Study type: L (Lab); F (Field); L/F (Lab/Field); Meso (Mesocosm); Micro (Microcosm); N/I (No Information). 
Stage   Life stage of the test animal (e.g., egg, larval, juvenile, adult). 
Tissue ww (mg/kg)   Tissue residue of analyte in the test animal tissue (mg/kg wet weight). 
Trend   The trend of the effect, usually compared to the control for laboratory studies: INC (increase); DEC (decrease), NEF (No effect). 

You are viewing Echinodermata: Invert (starfish) and Cadmium

Genus Species ERED ID ST Common Stage COLL Analyte CAS MX SPK H2O Route CONC Dose DUR Residue
mg/kg ww		 Fraction Effect Trend Signif % Effect Control Risk Comments Source
Asterias rubens 2507 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 200 µg/L N/I 35 0.59 ovary cellular DEC N/I Yes N/I LOEC oocyte size Tessier and Blais. 1996. Determination of cadmium–metallothionein.... Ecotox Environ Safe 33:246-252.
Asterias rubens 53 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 200 µg/L N/I 35 0.59 ovary reproduction N/I N/I N/I N/I LOEC incr mature time; decr mature; decr ovary/wholebod den Besten et al. 1991. Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in t.... Aquat Toxicol 20:83-94.
Asterias rubens 54 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 200 µg/L N/I 35 0.59 ovary behavior N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC behavior (feeding) den Besten et al. 1991. Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in t.... Aquat Toxicol 20:83-94.
Asterias rubens 55 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 25 µg/L N/I 150 0.19 ovary biochemistry NEF N/I N/I N/I NOEC in % protein, lipid, and glycogen in ovaries den Besten et al. 1991. Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in t.... Aquat Toxicol 20:83-94.
Asterias rubens 56 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 25 µg/L N/I 150 0.19 ovary cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC No difference in appearance of oocytes in ovaries den Besten et al. 1991. Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in t.... Aquat Toxicol 20:83-94.
Asterias rubens 57 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 25 µg/L N/I 210 0.034 testis reproduction NEF N/I N/I N/I NOEC in testes/whole body weight ratio den Besten et al. 1991. Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in t.... Aquat Toxicol 20:83-94.
Asterias rubens 58 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 25 µg/L N/I 210 0.19 ovary reproduction NEF N/I N/I N/I NOEC ovary/wholebody wt ratio; ovary growth delayed den Besten et al. 1991. Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in t.... Aquat Toxicol 20:83-94.
Asterias rubens 2912 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 200 µg/L N/I 35 0.59 ovary mortality NEF N/I N/I N/I NOEC Residue in oocytes of 0.36 mg/kg. Brown et al. 1984. Detoxification/toxification of cadmium i.... Aquat Toxicol 5:93-107.
Asterias rubens 7483 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 1.1 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 116 change in reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7487 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.8 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in stimulated reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7490 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 1.1 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 108 change in stimulated reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7493 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 1.1 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 100 change in coelomic amoebocyte conc Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7496 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.34 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 100 change in reactive oxygen species (low salinity) Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7501 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.7 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in reactive oxygen species (low salinity) Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7505 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.8 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in reactive oxygen species (low salinity) Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7508 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.7 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in coelomic amoebocyte conc Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7511 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.7 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in stimulated reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7514 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.8 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in coelomic amoebocyte conc Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7522 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.48 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in stimulated reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7526 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.38 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in coelomic amoebocyte conc Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7530 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.48 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in coelomic amoebocyte conc Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7534 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.38 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in reactive oxygen species (low salinity) Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7540 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.24 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in coelomic amoebocyte conc Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7546 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.48 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in reactive oxygen species (low salinity) Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7548 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.24 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7552 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.38 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in stimulated reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7553 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.24 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 100 change in stimulated reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7557 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.34 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in stimulated reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7565 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.34 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in coelomic amoebocyte conc Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7569 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.32 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 133 change in reactive oxygen species (low salinity) Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7570 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.32 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in coelomic amoebocyte conc Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7571 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.34 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in stimulated reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7576 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.34 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in coelomic amoebocyte conc Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7580 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.32 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 125 change in stimulated reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 7584 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y N SW in situ N/I N/I N/I 0.34 pyloric caeca cellular N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC change in reactive oxygen species Coteur et al. 2003. Field contamination of the starfish Aste.... Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2145-2151.
Asterias rubens 10048 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y Y SW diet 66.85 µg/g N/I N/I 0.6 digestive tract biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC ROS with resting bacteria; seastar fed contaminated mussels Coteur et al. 2005. Alteration of cellular immune responses .... Aquat Toxicol 73:418-421.
Asterias rubens 10049 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y Y SW diet 66.85 µg/g N/I N/I 0.6 digestive tract biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 63 ROS with resting bacteria; seastar fed contaminated mussels Coteur et al. 2005. Alteration of cellular immune responses .... Aquat Toxicol 73:418-421.
Asterias rubens 10050 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y Y SW diet 66.85 µg/g N/I N/I 0.6 digestive tract biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC ROS with stimulated bacteria; seastar fed contaminated mussels Coteur et al. 2005. Alteration of cellular immune responses .... Aquat Toxicol 73:418-421.
Asterias rubens 10051 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y Y SW diet 66.85 µg/g N/I N/I 0.6 digestive tract biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 54 ROS with stimulated bacteria; seastar fed contaminated mussels Coteur et al. 2005. Alteration of cellular immune responses .... Aquat Toxicol 73:418-421.
Asterias rubens 10052 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y Y SW diet 66.85 µg/g N/I N/I 0.6 digestive tract biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I ED 71 decrease in phagocytic activity; seastar fed contaminated mussels Coteur et al. 2005. Alteration of cellular immune responses .... Aquat Toxicol 73:418-421.
Asterias rubens 10053 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y Y SW diet 66.85 µg/g N/I N/I 0.6 digestive tract biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I ED 40 decrease in phagocytic activity; seastar fed contaminated mussels Coteur et al. 2005. Alteration of cellular immune responses .... Aquat Toxicol 73:418-421.
Asterias rubens 10054 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y Y SW diet 66.85 µg/g N/I N/I 0.6 digestive tract biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC coelomic immune cells; seastar fed contaminated mussels Coteur et al. 2005. Alteration of cellular immune responses .... Aquat Toxicol 73:418-421.
Asterias rubens 10055 F starfish, common adult W Cadmium 7440-43-9 Y Y SW diet 66.85 µg/g N/I N/I 0.6 digestive tract biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I NOEC coelomic immune cells; seastar fed contaminated mussels Coteur et al. 2005. Alteration of cellular immune responses .... Aquat Toxicol 73:418-421.
Asterias rubens 13373 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 2 µg/L N/I N/I 0.09 other biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 58 MT induction in pyloric caeca Erk et al. 2005. Cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding prot.... Chemosphere 61:1651-1664.
Asterias rubens 13374 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 2 µg/L N/I N/I 0.25 other biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 58 other = body wall; MT induction in pyloric caeca Erk et al. 2005. Cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding prot.... Chemosphere 61:1651-1664.
Asterias rubens 13375 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 2 µg/L N/I N/I 0.01 other biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 58 other = skeleton; MT induction in pyloric caeca Erk et al. 2005. Cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding prot.... Chemosphere 61:1651-1664.
Asterias rubens 13376 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 50 µg/L N/I N/I 1.1 other biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 67 MT induction in pyloric caeca Erk et al. 2005. Cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding prot.... Chemosphere 61:1651-1664.
Asterias rubens 13377 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 50 µg/L N/I N/I 1.1 other biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 67 other = body wall; MT induction in pyloric caeca Erk et al. 2005. Cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding prot.... Chemosphere 61:1651-1664.
Asterias rubens 13378 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 50 µg/L N/I N/I 0.65 other biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 67 other = skeleton; MT induction in pyloric caeca Erk et al. 2005. Cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding prot.... Chemosphere 61:1651-1664.
Asterias rubens 13379 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 0.5 µg/L N/I N/I 0.0015 other biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 67 MT induction in pyloric caeca Erk et al. 2005. Cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding prot.... Chemosphere 61:1651-1664.
Asterias rubens 13380 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 0.5 µg/L N/I N/I 0.007 other biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 67 other = body wall; MT induction in pyloric caeca Erk et al. 2005. Cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding prot.... Chemosphere 61:1651-1664.
Asterias rubens 13381 L starfish, common adult N/I Cadmium 7440-43-9 N N/I SW aqueous 0.5 µg/L N/I N/I 0.002 other biochemistry N/I N/I N/I N/I IP 67 other = skeleton; MT induction in pyloric caeca Erk et al. 2005. Cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding prot.... Chemosphere 61:1651-1664.
Asterias rubens 17879 L starfish, common adult W Cadmium chloride 10108-64-2 N Y SW aqueous 25 µg/L continuous 5 mo 0.03 gonad accumulation INC N/R 17 times N/R N/R 17 times higher Cd than controls; males only den Besten et al. 1989. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduct.... Ecotox Environ Safe 18:173-180.
Asterias rubens 17880 L starfish, common adult W Cadmium chloride 10108-64-2 N Y SW aqueous 25 µg/L continuous 5 mo 0.14 gonad accumulation INC N/R 50 times N/R N/R 50 times higher Cd than controls; females only den Besten et al. 1989. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduct.... Ecotox Environ Safe 18:173-180.
Asterias rubens 17883 L starfish, common adult W Cadmium chloride 10108-64-2 N Y SW aqueous 25 µg/L continuous 5 mo 0.03 gonad reproduction DEC N/R 66.2% GVBD 99.7% GVBD N/R 66.2% of oocyts GVBD completed; females only den Besten et al. 1989. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduct.... Ecotox Environ Safe 18:173-180.
Asterias rubens 17885 L starfish, common adult W Cadmium chloride 10108-64-2 N Y SW aqueous 25 µg/L continuous 5 mo 0.14 gonad reproduction NEF N/R 99% fertilized N/R N/R no effect; 99% oocytes fertilized; exposed males x unexposed female den Besten et al. 1989. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduct.... Ecotox Environ Safe 18:173-180.
Asterias rubens 17887 L starfish, common adult W Cadmium chloride 10108-64-2 N Y SW aqueous 25 µg/L continuous 5 mo 0.14 gonad reproduction NEF N/R normal N/R N/R no effect; oocyte develop normal in next 24 h; exposed males x unexposed female den Besten et al. 1989. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduct.... Ecotox Environ Safe 18:173-180.
Asterias rubens 17889 L starfish, common adult W Cadmium chloride 10108-64-2 N Y SW aqueous 25 µg/L continuous 5 mo 0.03 gonad reproduction NEF N/R normal N/R N/R no effect oocytes fertilized; exposed female x unexposed male den Besten et al. 1989. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduct.... Ecotox Environ Safe 18:173-180.
Asterias rubens 17891 L starfish, common adult W Cadmium chloride 10108-64-2 N Y SW aqueous 25 µg/L continuous 5 mo 0.03 gonad reproduction DEC Y 55.5% 88.4% N/R 55.5% normal blastula; exposed female x unexposed male den Besten et al. 1989. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduct.... Ecotox Environ Safe 18:173-180.
Asterias rubens 17892 L starfish, common adult W Cadmium chloride 10108-64-2 N Y SW aqueous 25 µg/L continuous 5 mo 0.03 gonad reproduction DEC Y 58.8% 90.7% N/R 58.8% normal gastrula; exposed female x unexposed male den Besten et al. 1989. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduct.... Ecotox Environ Safe 18:173-180.
Asterias rubens 17893 L starfish, common adult W Cadmium chloride 10108-64-2 N Y SW aqueous 25 µg/L continuous 5 mo 0.03 gonad reproduction DEC Y 74.8% 90.5% N/R 74.8% normal bipinnaria; exposed female x unexposed male den Besten et al. 1989. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduct.... Ecotox Environ Safe 18:173-180.
Asterias rubens 17897 L starfish, common adult W Cadmium chloride 10108-64-2 N Y SW aqueous 25 µg/L continuous 5 mo 0.03 gonad reproduction DEC N/R 24% 73% N/R after 168 h 24% (calc by multiplicaito of %) developed to normal bipinnaria; exposed female x unexposed male den Besten et al. 1989. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduct.... Ecotox Environ Safe 18:173-180.